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anything but的意思是“决不,远非”:I was anything but happy about going。(我根本不喜欢去。)I’d rather be anything but ordinary。(我决非愿做一个平凡的人。)
counterbalance “抗衡”:His wife’s calm nature acts as a counterbalance to his excitability。(他妻子的沉着冷静抵消了他的火爆脾气。)The girl’s earnest effort counterbalanced her slowness at learning。(这女孩的刻苦努力弥补了她在学习上的迟钝。)
distaste“讨厌”:It’s a shame that she has a distaste for hard work。(她厌恶干重活,真是丢人!)
16。 Encouraging kids to reject the life of the mind leaves them vulnerable to exploitation and control。 Without the ability to think critically;to defend their ideas and understand the ideas of others;they cannot fully participate in our democracy。
【译文】 鼓励孩子们排斥精神生活使得他们容易被人利用和控制。没有能力进行批判性的思考,没有能力捍卫自己的思想并理解他人的思想,他们就不能充分地参与我们的民主。
【析句】 第一句话的谓语动词是leaves,动名词短语充当句子的主语。第二句话中的三个平行的动词不定式to think critically,to defend their ideas和to understand the ideas of others作ability 的后置定语。
【讲词】 vulnerable意为“脆弱的,易受打击的”。We are vulnerable both by water and land;without either fleet or army。(由于没有舰队和军队,我们在水路和陆路上都易受攻击。)Women are more vulnerable to domestic violence。(女人更容易受到家庭暴力的侵害。)
exploitation意为“开发;开采;剥削,利用”。the exploitation of natural resources(自然资源的开发),ocean exploitation(海洋开发)。The country resented the economic exploitation by the colonists。(这个国家痛恨殖民主义对其所进行的经济剥削。)exploitation的动词形式是exploit。
17。 “Intellect is resented as a form of power or privilege;” writes historian and Professor Richard Hofstadter in AntiIntellectualism in American life;a Pulitzer Prize winning book on the roots of antiintellectualism in US politics;religion;and education。
【译文】 历史学家理查德·霍夫斯塔特教授在《美国生活中的反智主义》中写道:“才智被看作是一种权势或特权而遭厌恶。”这本曾获普利策奖图书奖的著作探讨了美国政治、宗教和教育中的反智主义的根源。
【析句】 此句的主语是historian and Professor Richard Hofstadter,谓语是writes,宾语是Intellect is resented as a form of power or privilege。in Anti Intellectualism in American life是状语,a Pulitzer Prize winning book是书名 AntiIntellectualism in American life的同位语,介词短语on the roots of… education修饰book。
【讲词】 intellect指智力,学习和推理的能力,或对知识的理解力和领悟力,也可指知识分子或有很高理解力的人。同根词有intelligent(聪明的),intelligence(聪明,智慧),intelligentsia(知识分子总称),intellectual(知识的,知识分子), intellectualism(知性主义)。所谓“知识产权”,英文为intellectual property rights。
18。 From the beginning of our history;says Hofstadter;our democratic and populist urges have driven us to reject anything that smells of elitism。
【译文】 霍夫斯塔特说,自我们的历史之初,我们对民主化和大众化的渴望就驱使我们排斥任何带有精英主义色彩的东西。
【析句】 这是一个简单句,句子的成分比较清楚。主语是Hofstadter,谓语是says,宾语是our democratic and populist urges have driven us to reject anything that smells of elitism。From the beginning of our history是时间状语。
【讲词】 populist意为“民粹的,民粹主义者”。populism(民粹主义)是一个与 elitism(精英主义)相对的政治概念,前者强调对民众的依赖,而后者更重视社会精英( elites)的作用。
urge作名词时表示“驱策,鼓动,冲动,刺激”,例如:I had an urge to see him。(我迫切希望见到他。)democratic and populist urges可以译为“民主和民粹思想冲动”。
19。 Ralph Waldo Emerson and other Transcendentalist philosophers thought schooling and rigorous book learning put unnatural restraints on children: “We are shut up in schools and college recitation rooms for 10 or 15 years and e out at last with a bellyful of words and do not know a thing。”
【译文】 拉尔夫·瓦尔多·爱默生和其他一些先验主义哲学家认为学校教育和死啃书本抑制了孩子们的天性。“我们被关在中小学和大学的背诵室里十年或十五年,最后出来时满腹经纶却什么也不懂。”
【析句】 理解这句话并不难,但是有些单词和词组(或搭配)平时可能不大遇到。 transcendentalist意为“先验论者”或“先验论的”,schooling等于education(教育),rigorous book learning(拼命学习或死啃书本),unnatural restraints(非自然的束缚),college recitation rooms(大学的背诵教室),a bellying of words(相当于汉语的“一肚子墨水”或“满腹经纶”)。
【讲词】 restrain是及物动词,意为“拘束,抑制”:She tried to restrain her surprise from being visible。(她尽量不让自己的惊奇表露出来。)如要表示在什么方面进行限制,注意restraint(名词)和restrain(动词)后面所接的介词应该是on。 restrain的形容词形式是restrained,类似的一组单词是restrict(动词), restriction(名词),restricted(形容词,强调受限)和restrictive(形容词,强调是限制性的)。
20。 Hofstadter says our countrys educational system is in the grips of people who “joyfully and militantly proclaim their hostility to intellect and their eagerness to identify with children who show the least intellectual promise。”
【译文】 霍夫斯塔特说,掌握我们国家教育体系的人“喜不自禁地、咄咄逼人地宣扬对才智的敌视,并且迫不及待地认同那些看来最没有希望在才智上有造就的孩子。”
【析句】 本句的主干是Hofstadter says…;其中people后面的who引导一个定语从句 who joyfully… promise;而children后面又有一个 who引导的定语从句。
【讲词】 militant意为“好战的”或“好战分子”。The militant youths of the two tribes were blamed for the conflict。(外界认为两个部族好战的青年应对这场冲突负责。)
proclaim意为“宣告,宣布”(announce officially and publicly),其名词形式为 proclamation。
hostility意为“敌意,对抗”,其复数形式hostilities常指“敌对的行为”或“战争”。例如:Hostilities broke out between the two countries following the border dispute。(在边境争端发生后,两国爆发了战争。)
promise除了表示“承诺,许诺”以外,还可表示“预示,暗示”或“(有)希望,(有)前途”。例如:a promise of spring in the milder air(和风预示着春天就要到来),a young player of great promise(一个很有前途的年轻演员)。
正文2004 Part B
2004 Part B
21。 The Greeks assumed that the structure of language had some connection with the process of thought;which took root in Europe long before people realized how diverse language could be。
【译文】 希腊人认为,语言结构与思维过程之间存在着某种联系。这一观点在人们尚未认识到语言的千差万别之前早就已在欧洲扎下了根。
【析句】 本句包含一个非限制性定语从句。句子的主语为The Greeks,谓语是assumed, that引导一个宾语从句,而which所引导的非限制性定语从句修饰这个宾语从句。在 which从句中,how diverse language could be是realized的宾语从句。注意本句中 which指代前面的句子,应译为“这一观点”,some在此处应译为“某种”,而不是“一些”。
【讲词】 assume意为“假定;采取;呈现,承担”,在句中的意思是“认为”。I assume you always get up at the same time。(我猜想你总是在同一个时间起床。)The motion of matter always assumes certain forms。(物质的运动总是表现为一定的形式。)He is soon to assume the CEO of the pany。(他很快就要担任公司的首席执行官。)
take root意为“扎根”。Extreme sports have taken root in China。(极限运动已经在中国扎下了根。)
22。 We are obliged to them because some of these languages have since vanished;as the peoples who spoke them died out or became assimilated and lost their native languages。
【译文】 我们感激他们,因为在此之后,由于说这些语言的部族或是消亡了,或是被同化而丧失了自己的本族语言,因而这些语言中有一部分已经消失了。
【析句】 句子的主干为We are obliged to them。because引导一个原因状语从句,其中又包含一个由as引导的原因状语从句。在as从句里,主语是the people,后面跟着三个由不同的谓语动词组成的并列结构:died out,became assimilated和lost their native languages。
【讲词】 be obliged to意为“感激”。I am obliged to you for your gracious hospitality。(我很感谢你的热情好客。)此外,oblige可以表示“迫使;责成,帮助”。They obliged us by arriving early。(他们早早就来了,真是帮了我们大忙。)
vanish意为“消失,消亡”。It’s like she just vanished in thin air。(她好像凭空消失了似的。)
die out意为“灭绝,消亡”。That tradition died out a long time ago。(那个传统早就消亡了。)
assimilate意为“吸收,同化”。We assimilate some kinds of food more easily than others。(我们对某些种类的食物比别的食物容易吸收。)The U。 S。 A。 has assimilated people from many European countries。(美国同化了许多来自欧洲国家的移民。)
23。 The newly described languages were often so strikingly different from the well studied languages of Europe and Southeast Asia that some scholars even accused Boas and Sapir of fabricating their data。
【译文】 这些新近被描述的各种语言与经过充分研究的欧洲和东南亚的语言是如此显著地不同,以至于一些学者甚至指责博厄斯和萨皮尔编造了资料。
【析句】 主句是The newly described… Asia,后面跟that从句so… that…是一种典型的结果状语从句。
对于不了解语言学的同学来说,理解the newly described languages可能比较困难。语言学中有一分支叫de