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ble in their search after game； fish； tripang； pearls； and tortoiseshell。
In the great island of Ceram there is also an indigenous race very similar to that of Northern Gilolo。 Bourn seems to contain two distinct races；a shorter； round…faced people； with a Malay physiognomy； who may probably have come from Celebes by way of the Sula islands； and a taller bearded race； resembling that of Ceram。
Far south of the Moluccas lies the island of Timor； inhabited by tribes much nearer to the true Papuan than those of the Moluccas。
The Timorese of the interior are dusky brown or blackish； with bushy frizzled hair； and the long Papuan nose。 They are of medium height； and rather slender figures。 The universal dress is a long cloth twisted round the waist； the fringed ends of which hang below the knee。 The people are said to be great thieves； and the tribes are always at war with each other； but they are not very courageous or bloodthirsty。 The custom of 〃tabu；〃 called here 〃pomali；〃 is very general； fruit trees； houses； crop； and property of all kinds being protected from depredation by this ceremony； the reverence for which is very great。 A palm branch stuck across an open door； showing that the house is tabooed； is a more effectual guard against robbery than any amount of locks and bars。 The houses in Timor are different from those of most of the other islands； they seem all roof； the thatch overhanging the low walls and reaching the ground； except where it is cut away for an entrance。 In some parts of the west end of Timor； and on the little island of Semau； the houses more resemble those of the Hottentots； being egg…shaped； very small； and with a door only about three feet high。 These are built on the ground； while those of the eastern districts art； raised a few feet on posts。 In their excitable disposition； loud voices； and fearless demeanour； the Timorese closely resemble the people of New Guinea。
In the islands west of Timor； as far as Flores and Sandalwood Island； a very similar race is found； which also extends eastward to Timor…laut； where the true Papuan race begins to appear。 The small islands of Savu and Rotti； however； to the west of Timor； are very remarkable in possessing a different and； in some respects； peculiar race。 These people are very handsome； with good features； resembling in many characteristics the race produced by the mixture of the Hindoo or Arab with the Malay。 They are certainly distinct from the Timorese or Papuan races； and must be classed in the western rather than the eastern ethnological division of the Archipelago。
The whole of the great island of New Guinea； the Ke arid Aru Islands； with Mysol； Salwatty； and Waigiou； are inhabited almost exclusively by the typical Papuans。 I found no trace of any other tribes inhabiting the interior of New Guinea； but the coast people are in some places mixed with the browner races of the Moluccas。 The same Papuan race seems to extend over the islands east of New Guinea as far as the Fijis。
There remain to be noticed the black woolly…haired races of the Philippines and the Malay peninsula； the former called 〃Negritos；〃 and the latter 〃Semangs。〃 I have never seen these people myself； but from the numerous accurate descriptions of them that have been published； I have had no difficulty in satisfying myself that they have little affinity or resemblance to the Papuans； with which they have been hitherto associated。 In most important characters they differ more from the Papuan than they do from the Malay。 They are dwarfs in stature； only averaging four feet six inches to four feet eight inches high； or eight inches less than the Malays； whereas the Papuans are decidedly taller than the …Malays。 The nose is invariably represented as small； flattened； or turned up at the apex； whereas the most universal character of the Papuan race is to have the nose prominent and large； with the apex produced downwards； as it is invariably represented in their own rude idols。 The hair of these dwarfish races agrees with that of the Papuans； but so it does with that of the negroes of Africa。 The Negritos and the Semangs agree very closely in physical characteristics with each other and with the Andaman Islanders； while they differ in a marked manner from every Papuan race。
A careful study of these varied races； comparing them with those of Eastern Asia； the Pacific Islands； and Australia； has led me to adopt a comparatively simple view as to their origin and affinities。
If we draw a line （see Physical Map； Vol。 1。 p。 14）； commencing to the east of the Philippine Islands； thence along the western coast of Gilolo； through the island of Bouru； and curving round the west end of Mores； then bending back by Sandalwood Island to take in Rotti； we shall divide the Archipelago into two portions； the races of which have strongly marked distinctive peculiarities。 This line will separate the Malayan and all the Asiatic races； from the Papuans and all that inhabit the Pacific； and though along the line of junction intermigration and commixture have taken place； yet the division is on the whole almost as well defined and strongly contrasted； as is the corresponding zoological division of the Archipelago； into an Indo…Malayan and Austro…Malayan region。
I must briefly explain the reasons that have led me to consider this division of the Oceanic races to be a true and natural one。 The Malayan race； as a whole； undoubtedly very closely resembles the East Asian populations； from Siam to Mandchouria。 I was much struck with this； when in the island of Bali I saw Chinese traders who had adopted the costume of that country； and who could then hardly be distinguished from Malays； and； on the other hand； I have seen natives of Java who； as far as physiognomy was concerned； would pass very well for Chinese。 Then； again； we have the most typical of the Malayan tribes inhabiting a portion of the Asiatic continent itself； together with those great islands which； possessing the same species of large Mammalia with the adjacent parts of the continent； have in all probability formed a connected portion of Asia during the human period。 The Negritos are； no doubt； quite a distinct race from the Malay； but yet； as some of them inhabit a portion of the continent； and others the Andaman Islands in the Bay of Bengal； they must be considered to have had； in all probability； an Asiatic rather than a Polynesian origin。
Now； turning to the eastern parts of the Archipelago； I find； by comparing my own observations with those of the most trustworthy travellers and missionaries； that a race identical in all its chief features with the Papuan； is found in all the islands as far east as the Fijis； beyond this the brown Polynesian race； or some intermediate type； is spread everywhere over the Pacific。 The descriptions of these latter often agree exactly with the characters of the brown indigenes of Gilolo and Ceram。
It is to be especially remarked that the brown and the black Polynesian races closely resemble each other。 Their features are almost identical； so that portraits of a New Zealander or Otaheitan will often serve accurately to represent a Papuan or Timorese； the darker colour and more frizzly hair of the latter being the only differences。 They are both tall races。 They agree in their love of art and the style of their decorations。 They are energetic； demonstrative； joyous； and laughter…loving； and in all these particulars they differ widely from the Malay。
I believe； therefore； that the numerous intermediate forms that occur among the countless islands of the Pacific； are not merely the result of a mixture of these races； but are； to some extent； truly intermediate or transitional； and that the brown and the black； the Papuan； the natives of Gilolo and Ceram； the Fijian； the inhabitants of the Sandwich Islands and those of New Zealand； are all varying forms of one great Oceanic or Polynesian race。
It is； however； quite possible； and perhaps probable； that the brown Polynesians were originally the produce of a mixture of Malays； or some lighter coloured Mongol race with the dark Papuans； but if so； the intermingling took place at such a remote epoch； and has been so assisted by the continued influence of physical conditions and of natural selection； leading to the preservation of a special type suited to those conditions； that it has become a fixed and stable race with no signs of mongrelism； and showing such a decided preponderance of Papuan character； that it can best be classified as a modification of the Papuan type。 The occurrence of a decided Malay element in the Polynesian languages； has evidently nothing to do with any such ancient physical connexion。 It is altogether a recent phenomenon； originating in the roaming habits of the chief Malay tribes； and this is proved by the fact that we find actual modern words of the Malay and Javanese languages in use in Polynesia； so little disguised by peculiarities of pronunciation as to be easily recognisablenot mere Malay roots only to be detected by the elaborate researches of the philologist； as would certainly have been the case had their introduction been as remote as the origin of a very distinct racea race as different from the Malay in mental and