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t home； but in thecourse of time they had been obliged to adopt other forms of abode。 Actuallyin the Shire in Bilbo's days it was； as a rule； only the richest and thepoorest Hobbits that maintained the old custom。 The poorest went on living inburrows of the most primitive kind； mere holes indeed； with only one window ornone； while the well…to…do still constructed more luxurious versions of thesimple diggings of old。 But suitable sites for these large and ramifyingtunnels （or _smials_ as they called them） were not everywhere to be found； andin the flats and the low…lying districts the Hobbits； as they multiplied；
began to build above ground。 Indeed； even in the hilly regions and the oldervillages； such as Hobbiton or Tuckborough； or in the chief township of theShire； Michel Delving on the White Downs； there were now many houses of wood；
brick； or stone。 These were specially favoured by millers； smiths； ropers； andcartwrights； and others of that sort； for even when they had holes to live in。
Hobbits had long been accustomed to build sheds and workshops。
The habit of building farmhouses and barns was said to have begun amongthe inhabitants of the Marish down by the Brandywine。 The Hobbits of thatquarter； the Eastfarthing； were rather large and heavy…legged； and they woredwarf…boots in muddy weather。 But they were well known to be Stoors in a largepart of their blood； as indeed was shown by the down that many grew on theirchins。 No Harfoot or Fallohide had any trace of a beard。 Indeed； the folk ofthe Marish； and of Buckland； east of the River； which they afterwardsoccupied； came for the most part later into the Shire up from south…away； andthey still had many peculiar names and strange words not found elsewhere inthe Shire。
It is probable that the craft of building； as many other crafts beside；
was derived from the Dúnedain。 But the Hobbits may have learned it direct fromthe Elves； the teachers of Men in their youth。 For the Elves of the HighKindred had not yet forsaken Middle…earth； and they dwelt still at that timeat the Grey Havens away to the west； and in other places within reach of theShire。 Three Elf…towers of immemorial age were still to be seen on the TowerHills beyond the western marches。 They shone far off in the moonlight。 Thetallest was furthest away； standing alone upon a green mound。 The Hobbits ofthe Westfarthing said that one could see the Sea from the lop of that tower；
but no Hobbit had ever been known to climb it。 Indeed； few Hobbits had everseen or sailed upon the Sea； and fewer still had ever returned to report it。
Most Hobbits regarded even rivers and small boats with deep misgivings； andnot many of them could swim。 And as the days of the Shire lengthened theyspoke less and less with the Elves； and grew afraid of them； and distrustfulof those that had dealings with them； and the Sea became a word of fear amongthem； and a token of death； and they turned their faces away from the hills inthe west。
The craft of building may have e from Elves or Men； but the Hobbitsused it in their own fashion。 They did not go in for towers。 Their houses wereusually long； low； and fortable。 The oldest kind were； indeed； no more thanbuilt imitations of _smials；_ thatched with dry grass or straw； or roofed withturves； and having walls somewhat bulged。 That stage； however； belonged to theearly days of the Shire； and hobbit…building had long since been altered；
improved by devices； learned from Dwarves； or discovered by themselves。 Apreference for round windows； and even round doors； was the chief remainingpeculiarity of hobbit…architecture。
The houses and the holes of Shire…hobbits were often large； and inhabitedby large families。 （Bilbo and Frodo Baggins were as bachelors veryexceptional； as they were also in many other ways； such as their friendshipwith the Elves。） Sometimes； as in the case of the Tooks of Great Smials； orthe Brandybucks of Brandy Hall； many generations of relatives lived in（parative） peace together in one ancestral and many…tunnelled mansion。 AllHobbits were； in any case； clannish and reckoned up their relationships withgreat care。 They drew long and elaborate family…trees with innumerablebranches。 In dealing with Hobbits it is important to remember who is relatedto whom； and in what degree。 It would be impossible in this book to set out afamily…tree that included even the more important members of the moreimportant families at the time which these tales tell of。 The genealogicaltrees at the end of the Red Book of Westmarch are a small book in themselves；
and all but Hobbits would find them exceedingly dull。 Hobbits delighted insuch things； if they were accurate： they liked to have books filled withthings that they already knew； set out fair and square with no contradictions。
There is another astonishing thing about Hobbits of old that must bementioned； an astonishing habit： they imbibed or inhaled； through pipes of
clay or wood； the smoke of the burning leaves of a herb； which they called_pipe…weed_ or _leaf；_ a variety probably of _Nicotiana。_ A great deal ofmystery surrounds the origin of this peculiar custom； or 'art' as the Hobbitspreferred to call it。 All that could be discovered about it in antiquity wasput together by Meriadoc Brandybuck （later Master of Buckland）； and since heand the tobacco of the Southfarthing play a part in the history that follows；
his remarks in the introduction to his _Herblore of the Shire_ may be quoted。
'This；' he says； 'is the one art that we can certainly claim to be ourown invention。 When Hobbits first began to smoke is not known； all the legendsand family histories take it for granted； for ages folk in the Shire smokedvarious herbs； some fouler； some sweeter。 But all accounts agree that ToboldHornblower of Longbottom in the Southfarthing first grew the true pipe…weed inhis gardens in the days of Isengrim the Second； about the year 1070 of Shire…
reckoning。 The best home…grown still es from that district； especially thevarieties now known as Longbottom Leaf； Old Toby； and Southern Star。
'How Old Toby came by the plant is not recorded； for to his dying day hewould not tell。 He knew much about herbs； but he was no traveller。 It is saidthat in his youth he went often to Bree； though he certainly never wentfurther from the Shire than that。 It is thus quite possible that he learned ofthis plant in Bree； where now； at any rate； it grows well on the south slopesof the hill。 The Bree…hobbits claim to have been the first actual smokers of
the pipe…weed。 They claim； of course； to have done everything before thepeople of the Shire； whom they refer to as 〃colonists〃； but in this case theirclaim is； I think； likely to be true。 And certainly it was from Bree that theart of smoking the genuine weed spread in the recent centuries among Dwarvesand such other folk； Rangers； Wizards； or wanderers； as still passed to andfro through that ancient road…meeting。 The home and centre of the an is thusto be found in the old inn of Bree； _The Prancing Pony；_ that has been kept bythe family of Butterbur from time beyond record。
'All the same； observations that I have made on my own many journeyssouth have convinced me that the weed itself is not native to our parts of theworld； but came northward from the lower Anduin； whither it was； I suspect；
originally brought over Sea by the Men of Westernesse。 It grows abundantly inGondor； and there is richer and larger than in the North； where it is neverfound wild； and flourishes only in warm sheltered places like Longbottom。 TheMen of Gondor call it _sweet galenas；_ and esteem it only for the fragrance ofits flowers。 From that land it must have been carried up the Greenway duringthe long centuries between the ing of Elendil and our own day。 But even theDúnedain of Gondor allow us this credit： Hobbits first put it into pipes。 Noteven the Wizards first thought of that before we did。 Though one Wizard that Iknew took up the art long ago； and became as skilful in it as in all otherthings that he put his mind to。'
The Shire was divided into four quarters； the Farthings already referredto。 North； South； East； and West； and these again each into a number offolklands； which still bore the names of some of the old leading families；
although by the time of this history these names were no longer found only intheir proper folklands。 Nearly all Tooks still lived in the Tookland； but thatwas not true of many other families； such as the Bagginses or the Boffins。
Outside the Farthings were the East and West Marches： the Buckland （seebeginning of Chapter V； Book I）； and the Westmarch added to the Shire in S。R。
1462。
The Shire at this time had hardly any 'government'。 Families for the mostpart managed their own affairs。 Growing food and eating it occupied most oftheir time。 In other matters they were； as a rule； generous and not greedy；
but contented and moderate； so that estates； farms； workshops； and smalltrades tended to remain unchanged for generations。
There remained； of course； the ancient tradition concerning the high kingat Fornost； or Norbury as they called it； away north of the Shire。 But there
had been no king for nearly a thousand years； and even the ruins of Kings'Norbury were covered with grass。 Yet