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he egoistic geniuses such as Alexander or Napoleon； we become aware of some dim but profound dividing line separating the two groups。 The theory that genius； at bottom； is pure energy seems to fit Napoleon； but does it fit these other minds who appear to meet life with a certain indifference； with a carelessness of their own fate； a willingness to leave much to chance？ That irresistible passion for authority which Napoleon had is lacking in these others。 Their basal inspiration seems to resemble the impulse of the artist to express； rather than the impulse of the man of action to possess。 Had it not been for secession； Lee would probably have ended his days as an exemplary superintendent of West Point。 And what of Lincoln？ He dabbled in politics； early and without success； he left politics for the law； and to the law he gave during many years his chief devotion。 But the fortuitous break…up of parties； with the revival of the slavery issue； touched some hidden spring； the able provincial lawyer felt again the political impulse； he became a famous maker of political phrases； and on this literary basis he became the leader of a party。
Too little attention has been paid to this progression of Lincoln through literature into politics。 The ease with which he drifted from one to the other is also still to be evaluated。 Did it show a certain slackness； a certain aimlessness； at the bottom of his nature？ Had it； in a way； some sort of analogyto compare homespun with things Olympianto the vein of frivolity in the great Caesar？ One is tempted to think so。 Surely； here was one of those natures which need circumstance to compel them to greatness and which are not foredoomed； Napoleon…like； to seize greatness。 Without encroaching upon the biographical task； one may borrow from biography this insistent echo： the anecdotes of Lincoln sound over and over the note of easy…going good nature； but there is to be found in many of the Lincoln anecdotes an overtone of melancholy which lingers after one's impression of his good nature。 Quite naturally； in such a biographical atmosphere； we find ourselves thinking of him at first as a little too good…humored； a little too easy…going； a little prone to fall into reverie。 We are not surprised when we find his favorite poem beginning 〃Oh； why should the spirit of mortal be proud。〃
This enigmatical man became President in his fifty…second year。 We have already seen that his next period； the winter of 1860…61； has its biographical problems。 The impression which he made on the country as President…elect was distinctly unfavorable。 Good humor； or opportunism； or what you will； brought together in Lincoln's Cabinet at least three men more conspicuous in the ordinary sense than he was himself。 We forget； today； how insignificant he must have seemed in a Cabinet that embraced Seward； Cameron； and Chaseall large national figures。 What would not history give for a page of self…revelation showing us how he felt in the early days of that company！ Was he troubled？ Did he doubt his ability to hold his own？ Was he fatalistic？ Was his sad smile his refuge？ Did he merely put things by； ignoring tomorrow until tomorrow should arrive？
However we may guess at the answers to such questions； one thing now becomes certain。 His quality of good humor began to be his salvation。 It is doubtful if any President except Washington had to manage so difficult a Cabinet。 Washington had seen no solution to the problem but to let Jefferson go。 Lincoln found his Cabinet often on the verge of a split； with two powerful factions struggling to control it and neither ever gaining full control。 Though there were numerous withdrawals； no resigning secretary really split Lincoln's Cabinet。 By what turns and twists and skillful maneuvers Lincoln prevented such a division and kept such inveterate enemies as Chase and Seward steadily at their jobsChase during three years； Seward to the endwill partly appear in the following pages； but the whole delicate achievement cannot be properly appreciated except in detailed biography。
All criticism of Lincoln turns eventually on one question： Was he an opportunist？ Not only his enemies in his own time but many politicians of a later day were eager to prove that he was the latterindeed； seeking to shelter their own opportunism behind the majesty of his example。 A modern instance will perhaps make vivid this long standing debate upon Lincoln and his motives。
Merely for historic illumination and without becoming invidious； we may recall the instance of President Wilson and the resignation of his Secretary of War in 1916 because Congress would not meet the issue of preparedness。 The President accepted the resignation without forcing the issue； and Congress went on fiddling while Rome burned。 Now； was the President an opportunist； merely waiting to see what course events would take； or was he a political strategist； astutely biding his time？ Similar in character is this old debate upon Lincoln； which is perhaps best focussed in the removal of Secretary Blair which we shall have to note in connection with the election of 1864。
It is difficult for the most objective historian to deal with such questions without obtruding his personal views； but there is nothing merely individual in recording the fact that the steady drift of opinion has been away from the conception of Lincoln as an opportunist。 What once caused him to be thus conceived appears now to have been a failure to comprehend intelligently the nature of his undertaking。 More and more； the tendency nowadays is to conceive his career as one of those few instances in which the precise faculties needed to solve a particular problem were called into play at exactly the critical moment。 Our confusions with regard to Lincoln have grown out of our failure to appreciate the singularity of the American people； and their ultra…singularity during the years in which he lived。 It remains to be seen hereafter what strange elements of sensibility； of waywardness； of lack of imagination； of undisciplined ardor； of selfishness； of deceitfulness； of treachery； combined with heroic ideality； made up the character of that complex populace which it was Lincoln's task to control。 But he did more than control it： he somehow compounded much of it into something like a unit。 To measure Lincoln's achievement in this respect； two things must be remembered： on the one hand； his task was not as arduous as it might have been； because the most intellectual part of the North had definitely committed itself either irretrievably for； or irreconcilably against； his policy。 Lincoln； therefore； did not have to trouble himself with this portion of the population。 On the other hand； that part which he had to master included such emotional rhetoricians as Horace Greeley； such fierce zealots as Henry Winter Davis of Maryland； who made him trouble indeed； and Benjamin Wade； whom we have met already； such military egoists as McClellan and Pope； such crafty double…dealers as his own Secretary of the Treasury； such astute grafters as Cameron； such miserable creatures as certain powerful capitalists who sacrificed his army to their own lust for profits filched from army contracts。
The wonder of Lincoln's achievement is that he contrived at last to extend his hold over all these diverse elements； that he persuaded some； outwitted others； and overcame them all。 The subtlety of this task would have ruined any statesman of the driving sort。 Explain Lincoln by any theory you will； his personality was the keystone of the Northern arch； subtract it； and the arch falls。 The popular element being as complex and powerful as it was； how could the presiding statesman have mastered the situation if he had not been of so peculiar a sort that he could influence all these diverse and powerful interests； slowly； by degrees； without heat； without the imperative note； almost in silence； with the universal； enfolding irresistibility of the gradual things in nature； of the sun and the rain。 Such was the genius of Lincolnall but passionless； yet so quiet that one cannot but believe in the great depth of his nature。
We are； even today； far from a definitive understanding of Lincoln's statecraft； but there is perhaps justification for venturing upon one prophecy。 The farther from him we get and the more clearly we see him in perspective； the more we shall realize his creative influence upon his party。 A Lincoln who is the moulder of events and the great creator of public opinion will emerge at last into clear view。 In the Lincoln of his ultimate biographer there will be more of iron than of a less enduring metal in the figure of the Lincoln of present tradition。 Though none of his gentleness will disappear； there will be more emphasis placed upon his firmness； and upon such episodes as that of December； 1860； when his single will turned the scale against compromise； upon his steadiness in the defeat of his party at the polls in 1862； or his overruling of the will of Congress in the summer of 1864 on the question of reconstruction； or his attitude in the autumn of that year when he believed that he was losing his second election。 Behind all his gentleness； his slownes