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rs of war。
The general reader who looks for the first time into the matter is likely to be staggered by what statistics seem to say。 Apparently they contradict what he is accustomed to hear from popular economists about the waste of war。 He has been told in the newspapers that business is undermined by the withdrawal of great numbers of men from 〃productive〃 consumption of the fruits of labor and their engagement as soldiers in 〃unproductive〃 consumption。 But； to his astonishment； he finds that the statistics of 1861…1865 show much increase in Northern business as； for example； in 1865； the production of 142 million pounds of wool against 60 million in 1860。 The government reports show that 13 million tons of coal were mined in 1860 and 21 million in 1864； in 1860； the output of pig iron was 821；000 tons； and 1；014；282 tons in 1864； the petroleum production rose from 21 million gallons in 1860 to 128 million in 1862； the export of corn； measured in money； shows for 1860 a business of 2；399；808 compared with 10；592；704 for 1863； wheat exporting showed； also； an enormous increase； rising from 14 millions in 1860 to 46 millions in 1863。 There are； to be sure； many statistics which seem to contradict these。 Some of them will be mentioned presently。 And yet； on the whole； it seems safe to conclude that the North； at the close of the third year of war was producing more and was receiving larger profits than in 1860。
To deal with this subject in its entirety would lead us into the labyrinths of complex economic theory； yet two or three simple facts appear so plain that even the mere historian may venture to set them forth。 When we look into the statistics which seem to show a general increase of business during the war； we find that in point of fact this increase was highly specialized。 All those industries that dealt with the physical necessities of life and all those that dealt peculiarly with armies flourished amazingly。 And yet there is another side to the story； for there were other industries that were set back and some that almost； if not entirely； disappeared。 A good instance is the manufacture of cotton cloth。 When the war opened； 200；000 hands were employed in this manufacture in New England。 With the sealing up of the South and the failure of the cotton supply； their work temporarily ceased。 What became of the workmen？ Briefly； one of three things happened： some went into other trades； such as munitions； in which the war had created an abnormal demand for labor； a great number of them became soldiers； and many of them went West and became farmers or miners。 Furthermore； many whose trades were not injured by the war left their jobs and fled westward to escape conscription。 Their places were left open to be filled by operatives from the injured trades。 In one or another of these ways the laborer who was thrown out of work was generally able to recover employment。 But it is important to remember that the key to the labor situation at that time was the vast area of unoccupied land which could be had for nothing or next to nothing。 This fact is brought home by a comparison of the situation of the American with that of the English workman during the cotton famine。 According to its own ideas England was then fully cultivated。 There was no body of land waiting to be thrown open； as an emergency device； to a host of new…made agriculturists。 When the cotton…mills stopped at Manchester； their operatives had practically no openings but in other industrial occupations。 As such opportunities were lacking； they became objects of charity until they could resume their work。 As a country with a great reserve of unoccupied land； the United States was singularly fortunate at this economic crisis。
One of the noteworthy features of Northern life during the war is that there was no abnormal increase in pauperism。 A great deal has been written upon the extensive charities of the time； but the term is wrongly applied； for what is really referred to is the volunteer aid given to the Government in supporting the armies。 This was done on a vast scale； by all classes of the populationthat is； by all who supported the Union party； for the separation between the two parties was bitter and unforgiving。 But of charity in the ordinary sense of the care of the destitute there was no significant increase because there was no peculiar need。 Here again the fact that the free land could be easily reached is the final explanation。 There was no need for the unemployed workman to become a pauper。 He could take advantage of the Homestead Act*； which was passed in 1862； and acquire a farm of 160 acres free； or he could secure at almost nominal cost farm…land which had been given to railways as an inducement to build。 Under the Homestead Act； the Government gave away land amounting to 2；400；000 acres before the close of the war。 The Illinois Central alone sold to actual settlers 221；000 acres in 1863 and 264；000 in 1864。 It was during the war； too； that the great undertaking of the transcontinental railway was begun； partly for military and partly for commercial reasons。 In this project； both as a field of labor and as a stimulus to Western settlement； there is also to be found one more device for the relief of the labor situation in the East。
*This Act； which may be regarded as the culmination of the long battle of the Northern dreamers to win 〃land for the landless；〃 provided that every settler who was； or intended to be； a citizen might secure 180 acres of government land by living on it and cultivating it for five years。
There is no more important phenomenon of the time than the shifting of large masses of population from the East to the West； while the war was in progress。 This fact begins to indicate why there was no shortage in the agricultural output。 The North suffered acutely from inflation of prices and from a speculative wildness that accompanied the inflation； but it did not suffer from a lack of those things that are produced by the soilfood； timber； metals； and coal。 In addition to the reason just mentionedthe search for new occupation by Eastern labor which had been thrown out of employmentthree other causes helped to maintain the efficiency of work in the mines； in the forests； and on the farms。 These three factors were immigration； the labor of women； and labor…saving machines。
Immigration； naturally； fell off to a certain degree but it did not become altogether negligible。 It is probable that 110；000 able…bodied men came into the country while war was in progressa poor offset to the many hundred thousand who became soldiers； but nevertheless a contribution that counted for something。
Vastly more important； in the work of the North； was the part taken by women。 A pathetic detail with which in our own experience the world has again become familiar was the absence of young men throughout most of the North； and the presence of women new to the work in many occupations； especially farming。 A single quotation from a home missionary in Iowa tells the whole story：
〃I will mention that I met more women driving teams on the road and saw more at work in the fields than men。 They seem to have said to their husbands in the language of a favorite song；
'Just take your gun and go； For Ruth can drive the oxen； John； And I can use the hoe！'
〃I went first to Clarinda； and the town seemed deserted。 Upon inquiry for former friends； the frequent answer was； 〃In the army。〃 From Hawleyville almost all the thoroughly loyal male inhabitants had gone； and in one township beyond； where I formerly preached； there are but seven men left； and at Quincy； the county seat of Adams County； but five。〃
Even more important than the change in the personnel of labor were the new machines of the day。 During the fifteen years previous to the war American ingenuity had reached a high point。 Such inventions as the sewing machine and the horse…reaper date in their practical forms from that period； and both of these helped the North to fight the war。 Their further improvement； and the extension of the principles involved to many new forms of machinery； sprang from the pressing need to make up for the loss of men who were drained by the army from the farms and the workshops。 It was the horse…reaper； the horse…rake； the horse…thresher that enabled women and boys to work the farms while husbands； fathers； and elder brothers were at the front。
All these causes maintained Northern farming at a high pitch of productivity。 This efficiency is implied in some of the figures already quoted； but many others could be cited。 For example； in 1859； the total production of wheat for the whole country was 173 million bushels； in 1862； the North alone produced 177 millions； even in 1864； with over a million men under arms； it still produced 160 million bushels。
It must be remembered that the great Northern army produced nothing while it consumed the products of agriculture and manufacturefood； clothing； arms； ammunition； cannon； wagons； horses； medical storesat a rate that might have led a poetical person to imagine the army as a devouring dragon。 Who； in the last analysis； provided all these supplies？ Who paid the soldiers？ Who supp