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MANIFESTO OF THE COMMUNIST PARTY
From the English edition of 1888； edited by Friedrich Engels
Transcribed by allen lutins
with assistance from Jim Tarzia
A spectre is haunting Europe the spectre of Communism。
All the Powers of old Europe have entered into a holy alliance to
exorcise this spectre： Pope and Czar； Metternich and Guizot；
French Radicals and German police…spies。
Where is the party in opposition that has not been decried as
Communistic by its opponents in power？ Where the Opposition
that has not hurled back the branding reproach of Communism；
against the more advanced opposition parties； as well as against
its reactionary adversaries？
Two things result from this fact。
I。 Communism is already acknowledged by all European Powers
to be itself a Power。
II。 It is high time that Communists should openly； in the
face of the whole world； publish their views； their aims； their
tendencies； and meet this nursery tale of the Spectre of
Communism with a Manifesto of the party itself。
To this end； Communists of various nationalities have
assembled in London； and sketched the following Manifesto； to be
published in the English； French； German； Italian； Flemish and
Danish languages。
I。 BOURGEOIS AND PROLETARIANS
The history of all hitherto existing societies is the history
of class struggles。
Freeman and slave； patrician and plebeian； lord and serf；
guild…master and journeyman； in a word； oppressor and oppressed；
stood in constant opposition to one another； carried on an
uninterrupted； now hidden； now open fight； a fight that each time
ended； either in a revolutionary re…constitution of society at
large； or in the common ruin of the contending classes。
In the earlier epochs of history； we find almost everywhere a
complicated arrangement of society into various orders； a
manifold gradation of social rank。 In ancient Rome we have
patricians； knights； plebeians； slaves； in the Middle Ages；
feudal lords； vassals； guild…masters； journeymen； apprentices；
serfs； in almost all of these classes； again； subordinate
gradations。
The modern bourgeois society that has sprouted from the ruins
of feudal society has not done away with clash antagonisms。 It
has but established new classes； new conditions of oppression；
new forms of struggle in place of the old ones。 Our epoch； the
epoch of the bourgeoisie； possesses； however； this distinctive
feature： it has simplified the class antagonisms： Society as a
whole is more and more splitting up into two great hostile camps；
into two great classes； directly facing each other： Bourgeoisie
and Proletariat。
From the serfs of the Middle Ages sprang the chartered burghers
of the earliest towns。 From these burgesses the first elements
of the bourgeoisie were developed。
The discovery of America； the rounding of the Cape； opened up
fresh ground for the rising bourgeoisie。 The East…Indian and
Chinese markets； the colonisation of America； trade with the
colonies； the increase in the means of exchange and in
commodities
generally； gave to commerce； to navigation； to industry； an
impulse
never before known； and thereby； to the revolutionary element in
the tottering feudal society； a rapid development。
The feudal system of industry； under which industrial production
was monopolised by closed guilds； now no longer sufficed for the
growing wants of the new markets。 The manufacturing system took
its place。 The guild…masters were pushed on one side by the
manufacturing middle class； division of labour between the
different corporate guilds vanished in the face of division of
labour in each single workshop。
Meantime the markets kept ever growing； the demand ever rising。
Even manufacture no longer sufficed。 Thereupon； steam and
machinery revolutionised industrial production。 The place of
manufacture was taken by the giant； Modern Industry； the place of
the industrial middle class； by industrial millionaires； the
leaders of whole industrial armies； the modern bourgeois。
Modern industry has established the world…market； for which the
discovery of America paved the way。 This market has given an
immense development to commerce； to navigation； to communication
by land。 This development has； in its time； reacted on the
extension of industry； and in proportion as industry； commerce；
navigation； railways extended； in the same proportion the
bourgeoisie developed； increased its capital； and pushed into the
background every class handed down from the Middle Ages。
We see； therefore； how the modern bourgeoisie is itself the
product of a long course of development； of a series of
revolutions in the modes of production and of exchange。
Each step in the development of the bourgeoisie was accompanied
by a corresponding political advance of that class。 An
oppressed class under the sway of the feudal nobility； an armed
and self…governing association in the mediaeval commune； here
independent urban republic （as in Italy and Germany）； there
taxable 〃third estate〃 of the monarchy （as in France）；
afterwards； in the period of manufacture proper； serving either
the semi…feudal or the absolute monarchy as a counterpoise
against the nobility； and； in fact； corner…stone of the great
monarchies in general； the bourgeoisie has at last； since the
establishment of Modern Industry and of the world…market；
conquered for itself； in the modern representative State；
exclusive political sway。 The executive of the modern State is
but a committee for managing the common affairs of the whole
bourgeoisie。
The bourgeoisie； historically； has played a most revolutionary
part。
The bourgeoisie； wherever it has got the upper hand； has put an
end to all feudal； patriarchal； idyllic relations。 It has
pitilessly torn asunder the motley feudal ties that bound man to
his 〃natural superiors；〃 and has left remaining no other nexus
between man and man than naked self…interest； than callous 〃cash
payment。〃 It has drowned the most heavenly ecstasies of
religious fervour； of chivalrous enthusiasm； of philistine
sentimentalism； in the icy water of egotistical calculation。 It
has resolved personal worth into exchange value。 And in place of
the numberless and feasible chartered freedoms； has set up that
single； unconscionable freedom Free Trade。 In one word； for
exploitation； veiled by religious and political illusions； naked；
shameless； direct； brutal exploitation。
The bourgeoisie has stripped of its halo every occupation
hitherto honoured and looked up to with reverent awe。 It has
converted the physician； the lawyer； the priest； the poet； the
man of science； into its paid wage labourers。
The bourgeoisie has torn away from the family its sentimental
veil；
and has reduced the family relation to a mere money relation。
The bourgeoisie has disclosed how it came to pass that the
brutal display of vigour in the Middle Ages； which Reactionists
so much admire； found its fitting complement in the most slothful
indolence。 It has been the first to show what man's activity can
bring about。 It has accomplished wonders far surpassing Egyptian
pyramids； Roman aqueducts； and Gothic cathedrals； it has
conducted expeditions that put in the shade all former Exoduses
of nations and crusades。
The bourgeoisie cannot exist without constantly revolutionising
the instruments of production； and thereby the relations of
production； and with them the whole relations of society。
Conservation of the old modes of production in unaltered form；
was； on the contrary； the first condition of existence for all
earlier industrial classes。 Constant revolutionising of
production； uninterrupted disturbance of all social conditions；
everlasting uncertainty and agitation distinguish the bourgeois
epoch from all earlier ones。 All fixed； fast…frozen relations；
with their train of ancient and venerable prejudices and
opinions；
are swept away； all new…formed ones become antiquated before they
can ossify。 All that is solid melts into air； all that is holy
is profaned； and man is at last compelled to face with sober
senses；
his real conditions of life； and his relations with his kind。
The need of a constantly expanding market for its products chases
the bourgeoisie over the whole surface of the globe。 It must
nestle
everywhere； settle everywhere； establish connexions everywhere。
The bourgeoisie has through its exploitation of the world…market
given a cosmopolitan character to production and consumption in
every country。 To the great chagrin of Reactionists； it has
drawn from under the feet of industry the national ground on
which it stood。 All old…established national industries have
been destroyed or are daily being destroyed