按键盘上方向键 ← 或 → 可快速上下翻页，按键盘上的 Enter 键可回到本书目录页，按键盘上方向键 ↑ 可回到本页顶部！
————未阅读完？加入书签已便下次继续阅读！
leberries； the rapid increase of cattle； and the good soil。 A few details concerning some of the interesting characters among these early colonial Quakers have been rescued from oblivion。 There is； for instance； the pleasing picture of a young man and his sister； convinced Quakers； coming out together and pioneering in their log cabin until each found a partner for life。 There was John Haddon； from whom Haddonfield is named； who bought a large tract of land but remained in England； while his daughter Elizabeth came out alone to look after it。 A strong； decisive character she was； and women of that sort have always been encouraged in independent action by the Quakers。 She proved to be an excellent manager of an estate。 The romance of her marriage to a young Quaker preacher； Estaugh； has been celebrated in Mrs。 Maria Child's novel 〃The Youthful Emigrant。〃 The pair became leading citizens devoted to good works and to Quaker liberalism for many a year in Haddonfield。
It was the ship Shields of Hull； bringing Quaker immigrants to Burlington； of which the story is told that in beating up the river she tacked close to the rather high bank with deep water frontage where Philadelphia was afterwards established； and some of the passengers remarked that it was a fine site for a town。 The Shields； it is said； was the first ship to sail up as far as Burlington。 Anchoring before Burlington in the evening； the colonists woke up next morning to find the river frozen hard so that they walked on the ice to their future habitations。
Burlington was made the capital of West Jersey； a legislature was convened and laws were passed under the 〃concessions〃 or constitution of the proprietors。 Salem and Burlington became the ports of the little province； which was well under way by 1682； when Penn came out to take possession of Pennsylvania。
The West Jersey people of these two settlements spread eastward into the interior but were stopped by a great forest area known as the Pines； or Pine Barrens； of such heavy growth that even the Indians lived on its outer edges and entered it only for hunting。 It was an irregularly shaped tract； full of wolves； bear； beaver； deer； and other game； and until recent years has continued to attract sportsmen from all parts of the country。 Starting near Delaware Bay； it extended parallel with the ocean as far north as the lower portion of the present Monmouth County and formed a region about seventy…five miles long and thirty miles wide。 It was roughly the part of the old sandy shoal that first emerged from the ocean； and it has been longer above water than any other part of southern Jersey。 The old name； Pine Barrens； is hardly correct because it implies something like a desert； when as a matter of fact the region produced magnificent forest trees。
The innumerable visitors who cross southern Jersey to the famous seashore resorts always pass through the remains of this old central forest and are likely to conclude that the monotonous low scrub oaks and stunted pines on sandy level soil； seen for the last two or three generations； were always there and that the primeval forest of colonial times was no better。 But that is a mistake。 The stunted growth now seen is not even second growth but in many cases fourth or fifth or more。 The whole region was cut over long ago。 The original growth； pine in many places； consisted also of lofty timber of oak； hickory； gum； ash； chestnut； and numerous other trees； interspersed with dogwood； sassafras； and holly； and in the swamps the beautiful magnolia； along with the valuable white cedar。 DeVries； who visited the Jersey coast about 1632； at what is supposed to have been Beesley's or Somer's Point； describes high woods coming down to the shore。 Even today； immediately back of Somer's Point； there is a magnificent lofty oak forest accidentally preserved by surrounding marsh from the destructive forest fires； and there are similar groves along the road towards Pleasantville。 In fact； the finest forest trees flourish in that region wherever given a good chance。 Even some of the beaches of Cape May had valuable oak and luxuriant growths of red cedar； and until a few years ago there were fine trees； especially hollies； surviving on Wildwood Beach。
The Jersey white cedar swamps were； and still are； places of fascinating interest to the naturalist and the botanist。 The hunter or explorer found them scattered almost everywhere in the old forest and near its edges； varying in size from a few square yards up to hundreds of acres。 They were formed by little streams easily checked in their flow through the level land by decaying vegetation or dammed by beavers。 They kept the water within the country； preventing all effects of droughts； stimulating the growth of vegetation which by its decay； throughout the centuries； was steadily adding vegetable mold or humus to the sandy soil。 This process of building up a richer soil has now been largely stopped by lumbering； drainage； and fires。
While there are many of these swamps left； the appearance of numbers of them has largely changed。 When the white men first came； the great cedars three or four feet in diameter which had fallen centuries before often lay among the living trees； some of them buried deep in the mud and preserved from decay。 They were invaluable timber； and digging them out and cutting them up became an important industry for over a hundred years。 In addition to being used for boat building； they made excellent shingles which would last a lifetime。 The swamps； indeed； became known as shingle mines； and it was a good description of them。 An important trade was developed in hogshead staves； hoops； shingles； boards； and planks； much of which went into the West Indian trade to be exchanged for rum； sugar； molasses； and negroes。*
* Between the years 1740 and '50； the Cedar Swamps of the county ＇Cape May＇ were mostly located； and the amount of lumber since taken from them is incalculable； not only as an article of trade； but to supply the home demand for fencing and building material in the county。 Large portions of these swamps have been worked a second and some a third time； since located。 At the present time ＇1857＇ there is not an acre of original growth of swamp standing； having all passed away before the resistless sway of the speculator or the consumer。〃 Beesley's 〃Sketch of Cape May〃 p。 197。
The great forest has long since been lumbered to death。 The pines were worked for tar； pitch； resin； and turpentine until for lack of material the industry passed southward through the Carolinas to Florida； exhausting the trees as it went。 The Christmas demand for holly has almost stripped the Jersey woods of these trees once so numerous。 Destructive fires and frequent cutting keep the pine and oak lands stunted。 Thousands of dollars' worth of cedar springing up in the swamps are sometimes destroyed in a day。 But efforts to control the fires so destructive not only to this standing timber but to the fertility of the soil； and attempts to reforest this country not only for the sake of timber but as an attraction to those who resort there in search of health or natural beauty； have not been vigorously pushed。 The great forest has now； to be sure； been partially cultivated in spots； and the sand used for large glass…making industries。 Small fruits and grapes flourish in some places。 At the northern end of this forest tract the health resort known as Lakewood was established to take advantage of the pine air。 A little to the southward is the secluded Brown's Mills； once so appealing to lovers of the simple life。 Checked on the east by the great forest； the West Jersey Quakers spread southward from Salem until they came to the Cohansey； a large and beautiful stream flowing out of the forest and wandering through green meadows and marshes to the bay。 So numerous were the wild geese along its shores and along the Maurice River farther south that the first settlers are said to have killed them for their feathers alone and to have thrown the carcasses away。 At the head of navigation of the Cohansey was a village called Cohansey Bridge； and after 1765 Bridgeton； a name still borne by a flourishing modern town。 Lower down near the marsh was the village of Greenwich； the principal place of business up to the year 1800； with a foreign trade。 Some of the tea the East India Company tried to force on the colonists during the Revolution was sent there and was duly rejected。 It is still an extremely pretty village； with its broad shaded streets like a New England town and its old Quaker meeting house。 In fact； not a few New Englanders from Connecticut； still infatuated with southern Jersey in spite of the rebuffs received in ancient times from Dutch and Swedes； finally settled near the Cohansey after it came under control of the more amiable Quakers。 There was also one place called after Fairfield in Connecticut and another called New England Town。
The first churches of this region were usually built near running streams so that the congregation could procure water for themselves and their horses。 Of one old Presbyterian Church it used to be said that no one had ever ridden to it in a wheeled vehicle。 Wagons and carriages were very scarce until after th