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专门替中国人写的英语文法-第11部分

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我们再举一个例子:
Please open a window。
是指请开一扇窗子,随便哪一扇都可以。
Please open the window。
就不同了,说这句话的人和听这句话的人一定有一个共识,〝the window〞一定是指某一扇特定的窗子,也许这间房子里只有一扇窗,也可能他们谈话中曾经提到某一扇窗,〝the window〞就是指那一扇窗。
  我们可以再举一个例,假如我们说,〝我们需要一场大雨〞,我们说
We need a heavy rain
如果我们说,〝这场雨好大〞,我们说
The rain is really heavy。
有了这个基本观念以后,我们就很容易了解以下句子中,为什么要用the:
I am going to the train station。
The post office is quite near。
Where is the library?
根据这种原则,当我们提到地球,月亮这种独一无二的东西,就必须用the。
the earth
the sun
the moon
the universe
  除此以外,the还有一个特殊的用途,我们可以在the的后面加一个形容词,使这两个字变成了一个名词,举例来说:
the rich=富人
the poor=穷人
the weak=弱者
the deaf=聋人
the blind=盲人
请注意,以上的名词是复数:
The rich always get richer。
The poor are getting poorer。
The blind are often very sensitive to sounds。
以下是一些用a和the的例子,读者应设法了解句子中为何有时用a,有时用the。
He is a student。
He is the student who can swim very well。
I like to be a teacher。
He is the teacher who taught me English。
The president of the United States in an important person in the world。
I have a son and a daughter。
I have two sons。 This is the son who will be a doctor。
I want to be a teacher who is loved by students。
He is not the person whom we talked about。
There is a boat in the river。
This is the boat which we can use。
The rain is going to stop tomorrow。
We need a good rain。
The weather is really bad。
Is there a train station near us?
Where is the station?
Do you know where the post office is?
There is a post office inside that building。
The library looks so good。
The rich should pay more taxes。
We should pay more attentions to the poor。
The blind can also study puter science now。
The earth is round。
The sun never sets in the British Empire。
Do you think we can reach the moon?
How large is the universe?
练习【练习五十六】
将下列中文句子译成英文:
他是一个好学生。
他是那位老师都喜欢的学生。
我要做总统。
这是总统。
请打开一扇窗。
中华民国的总统将于明年访问美国。
我要做一个好的工程师。
他是那位我们常常谈到的老师。
Java是一个新的计算器语言。
我有一只狗。
他是获大奖的教授。
火车站在哪里?
请告诉我邮局的地址。
这里有邮局吗?
富人常住在城里。
盲人可以用计算机。
太阳在东边升起。
宇宙是非常大的。
为什么我们白天不能看到月亮?
总统几岁?
【练习五十七】
将适当的冠词填入下列的空白:
1。 He is          student who went to see you。
2。 There is          river in this area。
3。 I don't want to be          teacher。
4。 He wants to bee          doctor。
5。 No one wants to be          beggar。
6。 Please open          door which opens to the hall。
7。 UNIX is          puter operating system。
8。 WINDOW is          only operating system invested by Microsoft。
9。 I have          dog and two cats。
10。 She is          teacher who got many prizes。
11。          earth is not flat。
12。 Is there          hotel around here?
13。 Where is          train station。
14。 I really like          library。
15。 Please give me          glass of water。
16。          wind is getting stronger and stronger。
17。 He is          friend of mine。
18。 It is hard for          poor to go to colleges。
19。 He is          swimmer who swam across the English Channel。
20。          weather is getting colder and colder。
21。 This is          book which I bought yesterday。
22。 I don't like to be          professor。
23。 I am going to take          vacation next month。
24。 John will bee          basketball player。
25。 I ride          bicycle to work every morning。
12§2 a和an的用法
  在英文里,a有时必须用an代替,凡是一个字一开始的发音是元音的话,那么前面就不能用a,而必须用an。例子:
an apple
an answer
an egg
an eye
an island
an idea
an old lady
an odd case
an umbrella
  请注意,用an与否并不是完全和字母有关,而是和发音有关。举例来说,u虽然是一个元音字母,但是我们却说a unit,而不能用*an unit,因为unit的一开始发音并非元音。 
  其它类似的例子有:
a useful car
a university
a uniform
a one…sided opinion
反过来说,有些字并不以元音开始,但是却必须用an,因为这些字的第一音节是元音发音,例子:
an honest person
an hour
【练习五十八】
填入a或an
1。 He is          English Professor。
2。 This is          easy job。
3。 He is just          ordinary person。
4。          friend in need is           friend indeed。
5。 Give me          hint。
6。 I have          American friend。
7。 I will bee         engineer。
8。 Is he          honest boy?
9。          hour later; he went away。
10。 Is this          university library?
12§3 冠词使用时的例外
  在以上的两节,我们好像说冠词的使用是有一定规则的,其实不然,例外也不少。在很多情形之下,冠词是要省略的,更麻烦的是,连省略冠词的规则都有例外,应该省的却又不省了。
  第一个有关冠词的特殊用法是这样的,假设我们要说〝男生通常不喜欢弹钢琴〞,我们不能说
Boy does not like to play the piano。
而要说
Boys do not like to play the piano。
这时,Boys的前面,是没有冠词的,理由很简单,我们不能加a,因为boys是复数,我们也不能加the,因为boys并没有指定哪一个男孩,也没有指定哪一种男孩。类似的例子有:
Girls are more diligent than boys。
When spring es; flowers start to bloom。
Dogs are often close to their masters。
Cats are often quite lazy。
Men eat more than women。
Professors are all very smart。
  第二个规则有关所谓不可数名词,很多名词是可以数的如:
a cup; two cups
a boy; three boys
a teacher
a student
a boat
an airplane
a glass of water
a cup of tea
  可是很多名词是不可数的,以下这些名词都是抽象的,因此不可数
time
love
hatred
pain
joy
sadness
kindness
wisdom
hope
patience
  这些抽象名词的前面是不要加冠词的,例子如下:
Time flies。(时间过得很快)
We can not live without love。
Let there be no hatred。
We must be able to endure pain。
Loving others creates joy。
There is sadness in his voice。
Can you feel his kindness?
He has wisdom。
There is hope among us。
I am losing patience。
  以上的例子,乃是泛指的事物,如果特定的抽象名词,仍要加冠词。例如:
This is the time to cry。
Do you feel the pain?
There is a hatred towards was in our society。
Everyone can feel the joy of being loved。
We just can not avoid the sadness of losing some loved ones。
He does have the patience to listen to long talks。
It is a virtue not to steal。
  还有一些不可数的名词,是所谓的物质名词,像
water
fire
air
metal
tea
coffee
bread
butter
  如果这些物质名词泛指一般的东西,前面是不要加冠词的,例如
Drinking water is important。
Don't play with fire。
We need air to breath。
There is metal in this device。
I don't drink tea。
I like coffee。
Father brings bread and butter home every day。
  一旦物质名词指特定的东西,前面就要加冠词,例如:
The water in this city is polluted。
There was a fire near our home last night。
The air in this town is getting worse and worse。
Copper is a metal。
The tea from India is very popular in England。
  专有名词,一般说来都不要加冠词的:
Mary is from Canada。
John got married last month。
Taiwan is an island。
England is in Europe。
France is a nice country to visit。
Russia is a large country。
Park Street is the main street in this city。
Go to Taipei first。
Sun Moon Lake is a beautiful lake。
January is often very cold here。
Sunday is a day for resting。
Spring is the best season。
Mt。 Everest is in Europe。
President Kennedy died when he was young。
King George was considered a mad king。
Queen Elizabeth visited Australia recently。
  可惜的是,英文中专有名词仍有要加the的,我们将试着将这些例外写成规则,但这种规则一定挂一漏万,读者如要知道何种情况要加冠词,何种情况不加冠词,惟一的办法是多读英文的文章,慢慢地就会了解什么情形该用冠词,什么情形不用冠词。
  哪些专门名词前面仍要加冠词the呢?
  (1) 河流,海洋,沙漠,海峡,海湾等等专有名词的前面都要加the。
the Hudson River (赫德森河)
the Rhine River (莱茵河)
the Yellow River (黄河)
the River Thames (泰唔士河)
the Amazon River (亚马孙河)
the Pacific Ocean (太平洋)
the Red Sea (红海)
the Mediterranean Sea (地中海)
the Baltic Sea (波罗的海)
the Atlantic Ocean (大西洋)
the Sahara Desert (撒哈拉大沙漠)
the Gobi Desert (戈壁大沙漠)
the Taiwan Straits (台湾海峡)
the English Channel (英吉利海峡)
the Manila Bay (马尼拉海湾)
the Bay of Tokyo (东京湾)
the Persian Gulf (波斯湾)
  (2) 国家的名词中如有of时,要加the
the United States of America
the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics
the Republic of China
  (3) 非常言式的名称,也要加the
the World Bank (世界银行)
the United Nations (联合国)
the Red Cross (红十字会)
the Catholic Church (天主教会)
  (4) 帝国,朝代,时代等等专有名词的前面,要加the
the British Empire (大英帝国)
the Ottoman Empire (奥图门帝国)
the United Kingdom (联合王国)
the Byzantine Era (拜占庭时代)
the Chin Dynasty (秦朝)
the Victoria Era (维多利亚时代)
the Hanover Dynasty (汉诺威王朝)
The Renaissance Era (文艺复兴时代)
the Dark Ages (黑暗时代)
  (5) 如果提到〝全体〞,就要加the
the Wangs (王家)
the Kennedys (肯尼迪家族)
  请注意,Wang和Kennedy都是姓,如果要指全家人,必须在姓氏的后面加s,前面加the。
the Chinese (中国人)
the Americans (美国人)
the Africans (非洲人)
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