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od or bad； but oftener bad； and the respective individuals； who were separately very quiet； when met together in numbers； grow tumultuous as a body； and ripe for any mischief that may be pointed out to them by the leaders； and； if their leaders have no business for them； they will find some for themselves。 The demagogues； or leaders of popular factions； should therefore be very careful not to assemble the people unnecessarily； and without a settled and well…considered object。 Besides that； by making those popular assemblies too frequent； they make them likewise too familiar； and consequently less respected by their enemies。 Observe any meetings of people； and you will always find their eagerness and impetuosity rise or fall in proportion to their numbers： when the numbers are very great； all sense and reason seem to subside； and one sudden frenzy to seize on all； even the coolest of them。
Another very just observation of the Cardinal's is； That； the things which happen in our own times； and which we see ourselves； do not surprise us near so much as the things which we read of in times past； though not in the least more extraordinary； and adds； that he is persuaded that when Caligula made his horse a Consul； the people of Rome； at that time； were not greatly surprised at it； having necessarily been in some degree prepared for it； by an insensible gradation of extravagances from the same quarter。 This is so true that we read every day； with astonishment； things which we see every day without surprise。 We wonder at the intrepidity of a Leonidas； a Codrus； and a Curtius； and are not the least surprised to hear of a sea…captain； who has blown up his ship； his crew； and himself； that they might not fall into the hands of the enemies of his country。 I cannot help reading of Porsenna and Regulus； with surprise and reverence； and yet I remember that I saw； without either； the execution of Shepherd；＇James Shepherd； a coach… painter's apprentice； was executed at Tyburn for high treason； March 17； 1718； in the reign of George I。＇a boy of eighteen years old； who intended to shoot the late king； and who would have been pardoned； if he would have expressed the least sorrow for his intended crime； but； on the contrary； he declared that if he was pardoned he would attempt it again； that he thought it a duty which he owed to his country； and that he died with pleasure for having endeavored to perform it。 Reason equals Shepherd to Regulus； but prejudice； and the recency of the fact； make Shepherd a common malefactor and Regulus a hero。
Examine carefully； and reconsider all your notions of things； analyze them； and discover their component parts； and see if habit and prejudice are not the principal ones； weigh the matter upon which you are to form your opinion； in the equal and impartial scales of reason。 It is not to be conceived how many people； capable of reasoning； if they would； live and die in a thousand errors； from laziness； they will rather adopt the prejudices of others； than give themselves the trouble of forming opinions of their own。 They say things； at first； because other people have said them； and then they persist in them； because they have said them themselves。
The last observation that I shall now mention of the Cardinal's is； 〃That a secret is more easily kept by a good many people； than one commonly imagines。〃 By this he means a secret of importance； among people interested in the keeping of it。 And it is certain that people of business know the importance of secrecy； and will observe it； where they are concerned in the event。 To go and tell any friend； wife； or mistress； any secret with which they have nothing to do； is discovering to them such an unretentive weakness； as must convince them that you will tell it to twenty others； and consequently that they may reveal it without the risk of being discovered。 But a secret properly communicated only to those who are to be concerned in the thing in question； will probably be kept by them though they should be a good many。 Little secrets are commonly told again； but great ones are generally kept。 Adieu！
LETTER LI
LONDON； September 20； O。 S。 1748。
DEAR BOY： I wait with impatience for your accurate history of the 'Chevaliers Forte Epees'； which you promised me in your last； and which I take to be the forerunner of a larger work that you intend to give the public； containing a general account of all the religious and military orders of Europe。 Seriously； you will do well to have a general notion of all those orders； ancient and modern； both as they are frequently the subjects of conversation； and as they are more or less interwoven with the histories of those times。 Witness the Teutonic Order； which； as soon as it gained strength； began its unjust depredations in Germany； and acquired such considerable possessions there； and the Order of Malta also； which continues to this day its piracies upon the Infidels。 Besides one can go into no company in Germany； without running against Monsieur le Chevalier； or Monsieur le Commandeur de l' Ordre Teutonique。 It is the same in all the other parts of Europe with regard to the Order of Malta； where you never go into company without meeting two or three Chevaliers or Commandeurs； who talk of their 'Preuves'； their 'Langues'； their 'Caravanes'； etc。； of all which things I am sure you would not willingly be ignorant。 On the other hand； I do not mean that you should have a profound and minute knowledge of these matters； which are of a nature that a general knowledge of them is fully sufficient。 I would not recommend you to read Abbe Vertot's 〃History of the Order of Malta；〃 in four quarto volumes； that would be employing a great deal of good time very ill。 But I would have you know the foundations； the objects； the INSIGNIA； and the short general history of them all。
As for the ancient religious military orders； which were chiefly founded in the eleventh and twelfth centuries； such as Malta； the Teutonic； the Knights Templars； etc。； the injustice and the wickedness of those establishments cannot； I am sure； have escaped your observation。 Their pious object was； to take away by force other people's property； and to massacre the proprietors themselves if they refused to give up that property； and adopt the opinions of these invaders。 What right or pretense had these confederated Christians of Europe to the Holy Land？ Let them produce their grant of it in the Bible。 Will they say； that the Saracens had possessed themselves of it by force； and that； consequently； they had the same right？ Is it lawful then to steal goods because they were stolen before？ Surely not。 The truth is； that the wickedness of many； and the weakness of more； in those ages of ignorance and superstition； concurred to form those flagitious conspiracies against the lives and properties of unoffending people。 The Pope sanctified the villany； and annexed the pardon of sins to the perpetration of it。 This gave rise to the Crusaders； and carried such swarms of people from Europe to the conquests of the Holy Land。 Peter the Hermit； an active and ambitious priest； by his indefatigable pains； was the immediate author of the first crusade； kings； princes； all professions and characters united； from different motives； in this great undertaking； as every sentiment； except true religion and morality； invited to it。 The ambitious hoped for kingdoms； the greedy and the necessitous for plunder； and some were enthusiasts enough to hope for salvation； by the destruction of a considerable number of their fellow creatures； who had done them no injury。 I cannot omit； upon this occasion； telling you that the Eastern emperors at Constantinople （who； as Christians； were obliged at least to seem to favor these expeditions； seeing the immense numbers of the 'Croisez'； and fearing that the Western Empire might have some mind to the Eastern Empire too； if it succeeded against the Infidels； as 'l'appetit vient en mangeant'； these Eastern emperors； very honestly； poisoned the waters where the 'Croisez' were to pass； and so destroyed infinite numbers of them。
The later orders of knighthood； such as the Garter in England； the Elephant in Denmark； the Golden Fleece in Burgundy； the St。 Esprit； St。 Michel； St。 Louis； and St。 Lazare； in France etc。； are of a very different nature and were either the invitations to； or the rewards of； brave actions in fair war； and are now rather the decorations of the favor of the prince； than the proofs of the merit of the subject。 However； they are worth your inquiries to a certain degree； and conversation will give you frequent opportunities for them。 Wherever you are； I would advise you to inquire into the respective orders of that country； and to write down a short account of them。 For example； while you are in Saxony； get an account of l'Aigle Blanc and of what other orders there may be； either Polish or Saxon； and； when you shall be at Berlin； inform yourself of three orders； l'Aigle Noir； la Generosite et le Vrai Merite； which are the only ones that I know of there。 But whenever you meet with straggling ribands and stars； as you will with a thousand in Germany； do ；not fail to inquire what they are； and to take a minute of