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新东方白易礼语法笔记-第3部分

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own each other since childhood。5)1949年以来,王先生一直在这所学校教物理。Mr。 Wang has been teaching physics in this school since 1949。6)雨一直下了一个星期。It has been raining for a week。
  5、一般过去时(1)构成:一般过去时通常由动词过去式表示。一般过去时的否定式、疑问式和简单回答形式要用助动词do 的过去式did; 同时注意实义动词要用原形。以study 为例,其否定式、疑问式和简单回答形式如下:
  否定式疑问式I did not (didn’t) study…。Did I study…?You did not (didn’t) study…。Did you study…?He did not (didn’t) study…。Did he study…?否定疑问式简单回答 (肯定/否定)Did I not (Didn’t I) study…?Yes; you did。 No; you didn’t。Di you not (Didn’t you) study…?Yes; I did。 No; I didn’t。Did he not (Didn’t he) study…?Yes; he did。 No; he didn’t。(2)用法:一般过去时动词主要表示过去某一时刻或某一段时间内发生的动作或情况,其中包括习惯性动作,通常与表示过去的时间状语连用。
  The train arrived ten minutes ago。  火车十分钟前就到了。
  What time did you get up yesterday morning? 昨天早晨你是什么时候起床的?
  I used to go to school early。  我过去总是很早去学校。
  He always went to work by bus。  他过去老乘车去上班。
  Li Hong lived in Shanghai for ten years when she was young。 李红小时候在上海住过十年。(有的同学认为出现了for some time 之类的时间状语,就要用完成时态。这种看法不完全正确。如果指的是在过去某事持续了一段时间,就要用一般过去时)
  注意:在动词用一般过去时的句子里通常有时间状语,表明动作发生的时间。如该句中没有时间状语,那么上下文中一定有表明过去的时间状语或可以体现“动作或情况发生在过去”这一概念。
  翻译练习:1)他昨天晚上离开这里到上海去了。He left for Shanghai yesterday evening。2)你昨天早上是什么时候醒来的? 我六点钟醒的,可是到七点才起床。What time did you wake up yesterday morning?  ?I woke up at six o’clock; but did not get up until 7。3)星期一有个外国朋友来参观过我们学校了。A foreign friend visited our school on Monday。4)我上中学的时候总是六点钟起床。I used to get up at six when I was at middle school。5)周总理曾经常在这里办公。Premier Zhou used to work here。
  6、过去进行时(1)构成:由助动词be 的过去式 + 现在分词构成。其中be有人称和数的变化,第一、第三人称单数用was,其他用were。
  1)过去进行时动词主要表示在过去某一时刻或某一段时间内正在进行或持续进行的动作。过去进行时经常与过去时配合使用。例如:
  This time yesterday; we were having an English lesson。 昨天这个时候,我们正在上英语课。
  The teacher was giving us a lesson when Tom walked into the room。  老师在给我们上课时,汤姆走进教室。
  While we were having supper; all the lights went out。 我们吃饭的时候,灯灭了。
  He was reading while she was setting the table。 她摆桌子时,他在读书。
  It was getting dark。 The wind was rising。 天渐渐黑下来了。风势增强了。
  2)过去进行时动词常用always; continually; frequently 等词连用,表示过去经常发生的行为。这种用法表明带有的感情色彩。例如:
  The two brothers were frequently quarreling when they were young。 两兄弟小时候常吵架。
  In Qing Dynasty; China was always making concessions to western powers。 清朝时,中国总是对西方列强妥协。
  翻译练习:1)我记得他哥哥上小学时经常在课堂上提问题。I remember his brother was constantly asking questions in class when he was at primary school。2)我母亲做饭的时候,我父亲在抽烟。While my mother was cooking; my father was smoking。3)我正在写东西,小明把灯关了。When I was writing; Xiao Ming turned off the light。4)夕阳西下,天渐渐黑下来了。The sun was setting。 It was getting dark。5)你走进他们的房间时,他们正在听广播吗?Were they listening to the broadcast when you entered their room?6)她给你打电话的时候,你在干什么?What were you doing when she called you on the phone?
  7、过去完成时(1)构成:一律用had + 过去分词构成。(2)用法:
  1)表示发生在过去某一时间或动作之前的事情,即“过去的过去”。用过去完成时,必须有一个过去的时间或动作来作参照,说明在此之前某事已发生。如果两个动作都是在过去发生的,先发生的用过去完成时,后发生的用一般过去时。例如:
  She told me she had been there three times before。 她告诉我她以前到过那里三次。(“去过”发生在“告诉”之前)
  How long had he taught here by the end of last term? 到上学期末为止,他在这里教学多长时间啦? (“教学”发生在上学期末结束之前)
  When we arrived; the football match had already begun。 我们到的时候,足球赛已经开始了。
  She had visited China twice before she came this year。 她今年来中国之前已访问过中国两次了。
  2)过去完成时动词可以表示过去某一时刻之前发生的动作或呈现的状态,这一动作一直持续到过去这一时刻或将继续下去。例如:
  By the middle of last month; I had lived in Beijing for five years。 到上月中旬,我已在北京住了五年了。
  By six o’clock they had worked for eight hours。 到六点为止,他们已工作八小时了。
  When I came to Shanghai; he had been there for a long time。 我到上海时,他在那里很长时间了。
  3)过去完成时动词常用于间接引语和虚拟语气,我们以后会详细讲述。
  4)此外,过去完成时常用于 no sooner…than… 和 hardly(scarcely) …when… 这两个句型,前面部分用过去完成时,后面部分用一般过去时。例如:
  No sooner had he stolen the purse than he was caught red…handed。 = He had no sooner stolen the purse than he was caught red…handed。 他刚偷到钱包就被当场抓获。
  Saddam had hardly realized what was happening when he was captured。 = Hardly had Saddam realized what was happening when he was captured。 萨达姆还没有意识到在发生什么事情就被抓获了。
  翻译练习:1)很幸运,下雨前我们已经到家了。Luckily; we had got home before it began to rain。2)张华说他的笔记本丢了。Zhang Hua said he had lost his notebook。3)他曾告诉过我,会议两点钟开。可是当我到了以后,我还得等到两点半。He had told me that the meeting was at 2; but when I arrived I had to wait till 2:30。4)他在这里住了两三天,才觉得没有什么拘束(feel at home)。When he had stayed here for two or three days; he began to feel at home。
  8、过去完成进行时(1)形式:had been + 动词的现在分词。(2)用法:表示一直持续到过去某个时间的行为动作,此行为动作或刚结束、或还没结束(可以从上下文看出)。这一时态经常与一般过去时一起使用。例如:
  When he came in; I had been trying to repair the TV for a couple of hours。 他进来的时候,我一直在努力修理电视机好几个小时了
  The roads were dangerous。 It had been raining for two whole days。 道路很危险。雨一直下了两整天。
  They were tired because they had been digging since dawn。 他们累了,因为从天亮开始他们就一直在挖。
  The boy was delighted with the new mountain bike。 He had been hoping for one for a long time。 那男孩得到一辆新山地自行车很高兴。很长时间来他一直希望有一辆。
  9、一般将来时一般将来时动词表示将来发生的动作或情况。主要有以下几种表现形式:(1)shall/will + 动词原形表示单纯的将来,不涉及主语的主观意愿。第一人称I; we用shall 或will,其余用will。 其否定式、疑问式和简单回答形式如下:
  否定式疑问式I shall/will not study…。Shall I study…?You will not study…。Will you study…?He will not study…。Will he study…?否定疑问式简单回答(肯定/否定)Shall I not (shan’t i) study…?Yes; you will。 No; you won’t。Will you not (Won’t you) study…?Yes; I shall/will。 No; I shan’t/won’t。Will he not (Won’t he) study…。?Yes; he will。 No; he won’t。例如:
  I shall be twenty years old next year。 我明年二十岁。
  The sky is black。 I think it will rain。 天黑下来了。我想可能会下雨。
  You will meet him at the station this afternoon。 你下午会在车站碰到他。
  The train will arrive soon。 火车快要到了。
  When shall we see you next time? 我们下次什么时候能看见你呢?
  He probably won’t go with us。 ?他大概不能和我们一起去。注意:1)shall; will的缩写形式为’ll; 如I’ll; you’ll; he’ll 和she’ll等。2)will 用于第一人称时,可以表示将来的意愿、决心、允诺、命令等;shall用于第二、三人称时,可以表示说话人的将来的意愿。例如:
  I will give you a new pen for your birthday。 我将送你一支新钢笔作为生日礼物。(允诺)
  I will take the college entrance examination。 我将参加大学入学考试。(决心)
  Shall I open the window?  我打开窗户好吗?(征求允诺)
  You shall have the book as soon as I get it。 我一拿到书就给你。(说话人的允诺)
  The enemy shall not pass。  决不让敌人通过。(说话人的保证)
  I will do my best to help you。  我愿意尽力帮助你。(意愿)
  Nobody shall be late for the meeting。 任何人开会都不能迟到。(说话人的命令)
  (2)be going + 动词不定式
  1)这种结构表示主体现在打算在最近或将来要做某事。这种打算往往是事先考虑好的。例如:
  My brother is going to learn English next year。  我哥哥准备明年学英语。
  I am going to meet Tom at the station at six。 我六点钟要到火车站去接汤姆。
  She is not going to be there。  她不会到那儿去的。
  When are you going to finish your work?  你的工作什么时候做完?
  He is going to stay a week。  他准备呆一星期。
  We are going to call a meeting to discuss it。 我们准备开个会来讨论一下。
  2)这种结构还可以表示说话人根据已有的迹象认为非常可能即将发生某事。例如:
  Look at these black clouds?it is going to rain。 看这些乌云?要下雨了。
  I think it is going to snow。 我看要下雪。
  I am afraid I am going to have a bad cold。 ?恐怕我要得重感冒。注意:1)will 和be going to 都可以表示某种意愿。例如:
  I won’t (am not going to) tell you my age。   我不(愿意)告诉你我的年龄。
  be going to 和will在含义和用法上略有不同。Be going to往往表示事先经过考虑的打算;will多表示意愿,决心。有时不能互换。例如:
  I have bought some bricks and I am going to build a kitchen w
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