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The cloth washes well。 这料子耐洗。
The dictionary sells well。 这词典销路很好。
The book hardly sells。 这书买不出去。
The door will not shut/lock。 门关/锁不上。
Am I to blame？ 我该受责备吗？
The house is to let。 房子要出租。
The story is interesting to read。 这故事读起来很有趣。
The film is worth seeing。 这片子值得一看。
Your shirt needs washing。 你的衬衫该洗了。2、make； see； watch； hear； notice； feel等使役动词和感官动词的宾语后面可以接不带to的不定式作宾补。但在被动语态中，不定式符号to必须补上。例如：
They made him go。 他们让他去。
He was made to go。 他被要求去了。
I heard him say good…bye to his friends。 我听见他向他的朋友说再见。
He was heard to say good…bye to his friends。 有人听到他向他的朋友说再见。3、除助动词be外，动词get有时也可跟过去分词构成被动语态，是比较口语化的一种被动语态。这种结构中很少用by短语。例如：
I got lost in the huge market。 在那个巨大的市场中我迷失了方向。
You might get killed/hurt。 你会送命/受伤的。
In the end this story got translated into English。 这故事最后被译成了英文。
His car got damaged in a road accident。 ？他的车在交通事故中被毁了。4、“have/get＋宾语＋过去分词”这个句型也表达了一种被动的意思。如：
I’ll have the bike repaired in no time。 我一会就把自行车修好。
I had my wallet stolen/lost last Sunday when I was shopping。 上星期天买东西的时候我的钱夹被盗。
He got his leg broken when playing football。 ？踢足球的时候他把腿弄断了。
I bought these books at a discount and had two hundred dollars saved。 我打折买了这些书，省了两百美元。5、在need； want； require后面，主动的…ing形式表达被动的意思：
My watch needs cleaning。 （=…needs to be cleaned） 我的表需要清洗。
Your garden needs watering。 （=…to be watered） 你的花园需要浇水。
Does your suit require pressing； sir？ 先生，您的衣服要烫吗？
The car wants servicing。 ？这汽车要检修。
（九）练习1、将下列句子变成被动语态：＇主要步骤是：把原句的宾语变成主语（代词宾格要变成主格）；把原句的谓语动词变成被动形式（注意：时态不变，新谓语动词与新主语要一致，疑问句要注意助动词的转换）。复合句中如有可能主句和从句都要变成被动语态。＇1）He gave me a present。I was given a present by him。2）My sister made the soup。The soup was made by my sister。3）The workers could not find the manager anywhere in the factory。The manager could not be found anywhere in the factory by the workers。4）The army engineers and soldiers have built a bridge over the river。A bridge has been built over the river by the army engineers and soldiers。5）The police will surely arrest the thieves。The thieves will surely be arrested by the police。6）My brother will repair my bike for me。My bike will be repaired by my brother。7）You must clean your watch once a year。Your watch must be cleaned once a year。8）I didn’t tell you Xiao Wang could do the job。You were not told （that） the job could be done by Xiao Wang。9）I cannot find my dictionary。 Someone has taken it。My dictionary cannot be found。 It has been taken by someone。10）She cannot find her bag。 Someone must have taken it。Her bag cannot be found。 It must have been taken by someone。11）The pupils asked the teacher to tell a story。The teacher was asked by the pupils to tell a story。12）The Association asked Mr。 Green to make a speech。Mr。 Green was asked by the Association to make a speech。13）The government is sending him abroad。He is being sent abroad by the government。14）He told me to wait here for him。I was told to wait here for him。15）Mr。 Hopkins has found his wallet。Mr。 Hopkins’ wallet has been found。16）The workers themselves invented the new machine。The new machine was invented by the workers themselves。17）They set up this hospital in 1950。This hospital was set up in 1950。18）Tom broke the window。The window was broken by Tom。19）Did you write the letter？Was the letter written by you？20）They do not make this kind of watches in Beijing。This kind of watches are not made in Beijing。21）People call him Little Old Man。He is called Little Old Man。22）John answered all the questions。All the questions were answered by John。23）The farmer was ploughing the field。The field was being ploughed by the farmer。24）People speak English in almost all the countries of the world。English is spoken in almost all the countries of the world。25）The wind blew the clouds away。The clouds were blown away by the wind。26）We shall paint the room。The room will be painted。27）Must I do all the exercises on my own？Must all the exercises be done？28）I am going to ring Tom up。Tom is going to be rung up。29）Everyone expects that he will win。It is expected that he will win。He is expected to win。30）Did you finish your position in class？Was your position finished in class？31）Do you wash your clothes very often？Are your clothes washed very often？32）Have they paid you the money？Have you been paid the money？Has the money been paid to you？33）Mr。 Wang gave us an English lesson。We were given an English lesson by Mr。 Wang。An English lesson was given to us by Mr。 Wang。34）He told his brother the news。His brother was told the news。2、将下列句子变成主动语态：1）What were you told to do？What did they tell you to do？2）They were made to learn the poem by heart。The professor made them learn the poem by heart。3）The house was being cleaned while the dinner was being cooked。He was cleaning the house while she was cooking the dinner。4）It must have been done by an artist。An artist must have done it。5）The business has been taken over by his petitors。His petitors have taken over the business。6）Such customs should be done away with。We should do away with such customs。7）Why haven't the letters been written？Why haven't you written the letters？8）It must be done at once。You must do it at once。9）I ought to have been told sooner。You ought to have told me sooner。10）I wasn't told that he had been dismissed。They didn't tell me that they had dismissed him。3、用被动语态翻译以下句子（做翻译时，首先要看用什么句型和结构，再看用什么谓语动词，然后看用什么时态。这些是汉译英的关键。）1）没有人强迫你去做那项工作。You are not forced/pelled to do the work。2）这个班由布朗先生教英语。The class is taught English by Mr。 Brown。3）那棵大树被风刮倒了。That big tree was blown down by the wind。4）这间教室靠两个火炉取暖。This classroom is heated by two stoves。5）这篇文章是汤姆写的吗？Was the article written by Tom？6）你会得到老师们的帮助。You will be helped by the teachers。7）恐怕你要挨批评了。I am afraid you will be criticized。8）那封信已由王林写好。The letter has been written by Wang Lin。9）电影放映之前，票已全部售出。All the tickets had been sold out before the film began。10）试卷上所有的题目都必须做吗？Must all the questions on the paper be answered？11）我们学校正在修建一个新的化学实验室。A new chemistry lab is being built in our school。12）电视机关上了。The television has been turned off。13）在生产中可以很好地利用原子能。Atomic/Nuclear energy can be made good use of in production。14）大家知道，物质是在不断运动和变化的。It is well known that matter is in constant motion and constant change。15）有人看见他和李红在一起。He was seen with Li Hong。16）据报道，一两天内有大雨。It is reported that there will be a heavy rain in a day or two。17）林肯在竞选参议员失败后两年，当选为美国总统。Two years after he was defeated in the Senate race； Abraham Lincoln was elected president of the United States。18）他父亲被派到南京出差去了。His father has been sent to Nanjing on business。19）…新方案实行了吗？…没有，还在计划中。听说还在提出各种建议。…新方案完成时就要采取下一个步骤了。…Has the new program been started yet？…No； it is still being planned。 It is said that suggestions are still being made。…The next step will be taken when the new program is worked out。20）…那个电话是什么时候打的？…我想是昨天晚上打的。…When was the telephone call made？…I think it was made last night。
六．虚拟语气
多数中国人对虚拟语气的理解是：虚拟语气表示说话人的愿望，是假设的，虚构的，与事实相反的，或者是不太可能的。这种理解固然是对的，但并不全面。在英语中，虚拟语气是个广义的概念，包括好几种句型和结构。假设，意愿等只是虚拟语气的两个方面。
英汉两种语言表达虚拟语气的方式差异：
而在英语中，虚拟语气是通过句子中谓语动词的特殊形式来表示的。这又一次证明动词在英语中的核心地位，又一次证明要学好英语语法，就要学好英语动词。由于虚拟语气是通过句子中谓语动词的特殊形式来表示的，因此，掌握虚拟语气中所使用的各种谓语动词形式变化是掌握虚拟语气的关键，这也是虚拟语气的难点。虚拟语气本身也是英语语法的一个难点。
学习虚拟语气的方法是分别弄通虚拟语气的各种句型和结构，各个击破。下面对虚拟语气在各种句式中的用法分别介绍。
（一）虚拟语气用于表示假设的条件状语从句，状语从句相当于汉语的“假如…” “要是…”等。请看一个句子：
If she invites me tomorrow； I shall go to the party。 如果她明天邀请我参加聚会，我就去。
这是个带条件从句的主从复合句，是直接的陈述语气，主句谓语动词用将来时，从句谓语动词用现在时代替将来时，表示能实现的动作。这句话说明说话人认为邀请的可能性较大。此句的条件是“只要她邀请我”，“去”这一动作就能实现。
请把这句话与下面虚拟语气的带条件从句的主从复合句进行比较：1） If she invited me； I should go to the party。 假如她邀请我参加聚会，我就去。（说话人认为邀请的可能性较小或不可能。）这句话主句谓语动词用过去将来时，从句谓语动词用一般过去时，其含义是：
She will probably not invite me； so I shall not go to the party。